choanocytes and choanoflagellates

00:07:46.09 of these different multicellular lineages 00:07:59.19 because this is the form in which S. rosetta 00:11:47.25 and some of them form very ornate extracellular structures, 00:13:53.01 in the natural world, and that was in sponges. 00:15:45.24 and he tried two different cocktails of antibiotics Whilst the similarity between sponge choanocytes and choanoflagellates has been long known (James-Clark, 1866), the discovery of multicellular choanoflagellate colonies (Tuzet, 1963) allowed the suggestion that sponges evolved from choanoflagellates to become more widely accepted. Also visible are cellcell contacts between two adjacent choanocytes. 00:04:11.27 they're very good at, . Question 1 (1 point) Which of the following statements about 00:11:02.25 and this is actually the source of the name choanoflagellate. 00:17:29.00 were sufficient to induce rosette development. 00:00:14.06 Animals have incredibly diverse body plans, 00:23:47.02 that thus far have never been found 00:21:19.01 you know, the oldest animal fossils 00:12:28.15 or produces chains, Shown are apical vesicles (pink), food vacuoles (green), endocytotic vacuoles (fuschia), ER (yellow), extracellular vesicles (grey), filopodia (external, purple), flagellar basal body (light blue), flagellum (dark green), glycogen storage (white), Golgi apparatus and vesicles (purple), intercellular bridges (external, yellow; septa, red), large vesicles (brown), microvillar collar (light orange), mitochondria (red), nonflagellar basal body (dark orange), and nuclei (dark blue). Bridge length was measured in one dimension along the bridge midsection. 00:13:07.14 Sean Carroll, Mitochondria and the ER also show an intimate association [45], and the contrast in the number of individual mitochondria in different choanoflagellate cells was particularly striking. A taxonomic supergroup of eukaryotic cells capable of amoeboid locomotion. 00:06:14.23 So, I'm going to tell you a lot 00:04:31.07 of some of their body parts. 00:19:58.07 of what the genomic landscape of animal origins 00:07:38.17 that these would be the ones involved in multicellularity, 00:16:29.14 and we started to wonder what was going on. 00:01:04.15 to tell you about my research. 00:18:47.23 and then they were relatively forgotten 00:08:26.05 to the slime mold Dictyostelium 00:10:43.20 using a scanning electron microscope, (A) S. rosetta nucleus showing endoplasmic reticulum, euchromatin, heterochromatin, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore complex and nucleolus. Lavrov AI, Bolshakov FV, Tokina DB, Ereskovsky AV. 00:01:31.24 and I told you that 00:14:16.01 in which you can see, again, a choanoflagellate cell 00:24:55.12 and we can study these organisms, now, 00:16:04.12 are actually also found in other groups of organisms, 00:16:35.06 any of a number of possible explanations. 00:15:15.03 Rick Zuzow, helped me to get this choanoflagellate Mean cell volume per colony cell number, intercellular bridges per colony cell number and bridge length. 00:33:29.00 and are conserved in the genomes 00:06:13.09 So, of course, we have representative animals, 00:17:22.00 also was capable of undergoing apoptosis, Your email address will not be published. 00:01:54.09 actually can transition from being single-celled ER, endoplasmic reticulum; RIF, rosette-inducing factor; ssTEM, serial ultrathin transmission electron microscopy. These feeding cells are similar in appearance to unicellular choanoflagellates (Protista). 00:27:12.26 but it is actually functioning in a way 00:06:39.20 it actually has a really wild and crazy life history. 00:00:07.22 So, Hello. 00:08:06.11 Why? 00:31:35.29 do not induce rosette development, 00:24:36.03 So, what I want to say, then, A few living choanoflagellates, such as 00:30:36.01 I'm showing you a phylogenetic tree of diverse bacteria Heavy smoothing of the cell body in TrakEM2 sacrifices fine structures associated with cellular projections or does not remove all distinct z-layers, which exist as reconstruction artefacts. 00:14:08.20 and only the occasional rosette colony, 00:22:52.28 but the challenge has been that we're looking at 00:22:50.18 now, obviously, there's been a lot of interest, 00:17:33.01 Moreover, it's become clear, Finally, we are grateful to Manuela Truebano Garcia for her continued advice and feedback throughout this project. 00:02:30.06 and they sit on this very special part of the phylogenetic tree 00:31:02.28 we're finding many different bacteria 00:01:09.25 Darwin's Origin of Species, 00:03:19.21 review the biology of choanoflagellates 00:19:08.15 and Bacteroidetes bacteria 00:21:04.17 in animals 00:33:30.28 of living choanoflagellates. 00:16:24.17 then we can reasonably make an inference 00:34:07.04 we've been collaborating with Jon Clardy 00:26:11.01 and through a long series of analyses This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 00:28:03.09 and so the activity of RIF-1 is entirely consistent 00:23:00.27 and so I think an exciting future area of research 00:30:17.00 that you normally get from live Algoriphagus bacteria. 00:13:49.02 And, let me tell you, Evolution is expected to lead to differences among homologous structures (an excellent example are vertebrate limbs that are all very differentsome are wings, some are legs, some are fins but are still homologous) and thus it is not surprising to observe (ultra)structural differences between choanoflagellates and choanocytes. Colours coded for carrot cell as in Fig 3; for all other cells, only the cell bodies are shown. 00:05:56.13 from being single-celled to colonial, (F) Posterior filopodia projecting from the basal plasma membrane. 00:25:55.25 in one particular choanoflagellate, 00:25:33.25 will be to figure out what those genes were doing 00:22:57.28 that are growing in association 00:00:17.17 to tell you about organisms 00:26:22.17 We've name it RIF-1 for rosette-inducing factor 1, 00:33:59.00 to form multicelled rosette colonies Three-dimensional flagella structures from animals' closest unicellular relatives, the Choanoflagellates. 00:00:10.11 I'm an investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute 00:16:36.11 within the context of a phylogenetic tree 00:04:12.00 Now, historically, 00:15:19.17 just near a sponge, The majority of bridges consisted of a protracted cytoplasmic connection between two cells, and in many cases, the septum was localised asymmetrically along the bridge (S4C Fig). S6 Movie. 00:01:36.13 to try to understand what are the molecular Cells were incubated with 4.9 M Hoechst 33342 Dye for 30 min (to label nuclei), 1 M LysoTracker Yellow HCK-123 for 1.5 h (to label food vacuoles), and 250 nM MitoTracker Red CM-H2Xros for 30 min (to label mitochondria). 00:03:09.10 is trying to understand how changes in gene sequences 00:14:29.22 without success, 00:21:45.02 coped with a world choanoflagellates are the best living examples of what the ancestor 00:01:45.22 In this part of my talk, 00:04:00.04 and those water currents can carry bacteria, 3D cellular architecture of choanoflagellate colonial cell C2. Methodological overview of 3D ssTEM reconstruction of S. rosetta and O. carmela cells. 00:14:18.22 with its cell body, its collar, and its flagellum, In fact, its life cycle can be quite complex; it can form long chain colonies, spherical colonies called rosettes, or exist in different unicellular forms. Scale bar = approximately 1 m. 00:11:57.00 to form a rigid structure that protects the cell These distinctive cells line the interior body walls of sponges. 00:22:33.28 The final point that I want to make 00:09:34.11 it always happened through cell division. In this study, we used serial ultrathin transmission electron microsocopy (ssTEM) sectioning to reconstruct the microanatomy of unicellular and colonial S. rosetta cells to identify structural differences between collar cells in a single versus a multicellular choanoflagellate condition. 00:07:44.07 this part of the life history, We reviewed current knowledge of the collar and flagellum and compared their structure and function in the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the sponge Spongilla lacustris. 00:29:36.04 that are structurally similar to RIF-1 00:21:40.24 of multicellular eukaryotes, What are choanocytes in biology? Almost indistinguishable from choanoflagellates, sponge collar cells bear both an apical flagellum and collar of . 00:35:23.02 and it's been a wonderful experience, interwoven silica bars. 00:15:08.03 genomes of single-celled choanoflagellates, 00:12:40.01 And so, what I need to tell you Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa 00:20:14.07 starting with the present here on the top, eLife 2014, 3. Richter DJ, King N: The Genomic and Cellular Foundations of Animal Origins. 3D reconstruction of choanoflagellate apical pole. 00:33:23.21 and regulating the process of development 00:03:04.11 that the study of choanoflagellates, 00:00:32.22 these are incredibly interesting organisms as well, 00:09:54.09 quite a bit about them in the next few slides, 00:17:55.21 and that these merged, in a process of fertilization, 00:17:59.10 and ask whether those bacteria 00:08:52.09 which is that this single cell 00:05:31.23 or a mouse biologist S2 Table. 00:27:36.21 here again I'm showing you 00:19:11.14 and S. rosetta, which can be single-celled or colonial. Given the importance of cell differentiation for the origin of animals, we hypothesised that choanoflagellate colonial cells would not simply represent a cluster of single cells but would be morphologically differentiated from single cells. Acetone and formaldehyde were diluted in artificial seawater, pH 8.0. 00:32:00.27 and we're focusing on isolating the bioactive molecules 00:26:13.23 we eventually were able to identify 00:01:18.26 In Part I of my talk, ER, endoplasmic reticulum; EV, endocytotic vacuoles; FP, filopodia; IB, intercellular bridge; RC, rosette colony; ssTEM, serial ultrathin transmission electron microscopy. Similar collars have . 2016 Aug;39:42-47. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.016. These differences suggest that though choanocytes and choanoflagellates are similar, homology cannot be taken for granted. 00:10:36.15 because you may never have heard about them before. 00:04:13.22 and this is an essential part of their biology S2 Fig. 00:33:11.28 in increasingly resolution, 00:09:52.18 and in the end of this 15 hour movie 00:22:48.19 The challenge in these cases 00:16:43.10 It could be that the choanoflagellates 00:26:03.09 they would fractionate them, 00:24:02.27 one special class of cadherins, 00:11:56.26 when S. rosetta forms rosette colonies (BG) TEM and 3D ssTEM reconstructions of amoeboid cell behaviour in sponge choanocytes. Numbers of various organelles and components in S. rosetta cells. Hydrodynamics of sponge pumps and evolution of the sponge body plan. the Choanoflagellata are not a diverse group of Biol. However, on the basis of spermatogenesis, Schulze es-tablished metazoan status for sponges in 1885. 00:24:15.17 so far have never been found in a non-animal, 00:23:22.21 So, what makes animals different? 2019 Jan 31;16(150):20180630. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0630. Scale bars = 200 nm. We found differences between single-celled and multicellular choanoflagellates in structures associated with cellular energetics, membrane trafficking, and cell morphology. Three randomly selected single cells and three randomly selected colonial cells from a single colony were chosen for the reconstruction of entire choanoflagellate cells and subcellular structures (Fig 1, S1S3 Figs, S1S6 Movies). 00:09:13.14 So, let me start with question number 1: Citation: Laundon D, Larson BT, McDonald K, King N, Burkhardt P (2019) The architecture of cell differentiation in choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes. 00:05:58.11 and eventually we hope to learn Briefly, cells were rinsed three times in pure acetone and infiltrated with Epon-Araldite resin in increasing increments of 25% over 30 min plus three changes of pure resin at 10 min each. 00:09:36.29 And so, what you're going to see in this movie here 00:26:13.10 Finally, I'm very grateful Epub 2022 Jun 28. 00:26:59.05 and we can just start to study them now. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE 1106400) awarded to BTL, the Anne Warner endowed Fellowship through the Marine Biological Association of the UK awarded to PB, the Royal Society University Research Fellowship awarded to PB and the Sars core budget. 00:11:51.21 Okay, so just to summarize, then, 00:06:05.15 are related to mechanisms underlying animal development, 00:01:55.07 And, in fact, we know relatively little 00:14:07.28 and you can see that similarity, I think, Bookshelf af, actin filaments; b, bacteria; bf, basal foot; cc, choanocytes; cr, cristae; dv, food vacuole; er, endoplasmic reticulum; eu, euchromatin; ev, endocytotic invagination; f, flagellum; fbb, flagellar basal body; fp, posterior filopodia; ga, golgi apparatus; gly, glycogen storage; he, heterochromatin; m, mitochondrion; mv, microvillus; n, nucleolus; nfbb, nonflagellar basal body; nm, nuclear membrane; npc, nuclear pore complex; pm, plasma membrane; ps, pseudopodia; rer, rough endoplasmic reticulum; ser, smooth endoplasmic reticulum; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; tf, tubulin filaments; tp, transversal plate.
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